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L Language
- Conventions of Standard English
- L.1 Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking; retain and further develop language skills learned in previous grades.
- L.1.a Manipulate and rearrange clauses and phrases in sentences, paying attention to agreements of pronouns and their antecedents, logical use of verb tenses, and variety in sentence patterns.
- L.1.b Use various types of phrases (noun, verb, adjectival, participial, prepositional) and clauses (independent, dependent, noun, relative, adverbial) to convey specific meanings and add variety and interest to writing or presentations.
- L.1.c Use parallel structure as a technique for creating coherence in sentences, paragraphs, and larger pieces of writing.
- L.2 Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.
- L.2.a Use a semicolon (and perhaps a conjunctive adverb) to link two or more closely related independent clauses.
- L.2.b Use a colon to introduce a list or quotation.
- L.2.c Spell correctly, recognizing that some words have commonly accepted variations (e.g., catalog/catalogue).
- L.1 Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking; retain and further develop language skills learned in previous grades.
- Knowledge of Language
- L.3 Apply knowledge of language to understand how language functions in different contexts, to make effective choices for meaning or style, and to comprehend more fully when reading or listening.
- L.3.a Write and edit work so that it conforms to the guidelines in a style manual (e.g., MLA Handbook, Turabian’s Manual for Writers) appropriate for the discipline and writing type.
- L.3.b Revise and edit work to decrease redundancy (ineffective repetition of ideas or details).
- L.3 Apply knowledge of language to understand how language functions in different contexts, to make effective choices for meaning or style, and to comprehend more fully when reading or listening.
- Vocabulary Acquisition and Use
- L.4 Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grades 9–10 reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies.
- L.4.a Use context (e.g., the overall meaning of a sentence, paragraph, or text; a word’s position or function in a sentence) as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.
- L.4.b Identify and correctly use patterns of word changes that indicate different meanings or parts of speech (e.g., analyze, analysis, analytical; advocate, advocacy).
- L.4.c Consult general and specialized reference materials (e.g., dictionaries, glossaries, thesauruses), both print and digital, to find the pronunciation of a word or determine or clarify its precise meaning, its part of speech, or its etymology.
- L.4.d Verify the preliminary determination of the meaning of a word or phrase (e.g., by checking the inferred meaning in context or in a dictionary).
- L.5 Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.
- L.5.a Interpret figures of speech (e.g., euphemism, oxymoron) in context and analyze their role in the text.
- L.5.b Analyze nuances in the meaning of words with similar denotations.
- L.6 Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases; independently research words and gather vocabulary knowledge.
- L.4 Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grades 9–10 reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies.